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2019年6月CATTI二级笔译实务真题(英译汉)

时间:2022-12-16 18:30:06 来源:网友投稿

Passage 1

In 2009, Time magazine hailed an online math program1 piloted at three New York City public schools, as one of the year’s 50 best innovations. Each day, the software generated individualized math “playlists” for students who then chose the “modality” in which they wished to learn—software, a virtual teacher or a flesh-and-blood one.2 A different algorithm sorted teachers’ specialties and schedules to match a student’s needs. “It generates the lessons, the tests and it grades the tests,” one veteran instructor marveled.

Although the program made only modest improvements in students’ math scores and was adopted by only a handful of New York schools (not the 50 for which it was slated), it serves as a notable example of a pattern that Andrea Gabor charts in “After the Education Wars.” For more than three decades, an unlikely coalition of corporate philanthropists, educational technology entrepreneurs and public education bureaucrats has spearheaded a brand of school reform characterized by the overvaluing of technology and standardized testing and a devaluing of teachers and communities. The trend can be traced back to a hyperbolic 1983 report, “A Nation at Risk,” issued by President Ronald Reagan’s National Commission on Excellence in Education. Against the backdrop of an ascendant Japanese economy and consistent with President Reagan’s disdain for public education (and teachers’ unions), “A Nation at Risk” blamed America’s ineffectual schools for a “rising tide of mediocrity” that was diminishing America’s global role in a new high-tech world.

Policymakers turned their focus to public education as a matter of national security, one too important (and potentially too profitable) to entrust to educators. The notion that top-down decisions by politicians, not teachers, should determine what children need was a thread running through the bipartisan 2001 No Child Left Behind Act, the Obama administration’s Race to the Top and state-initiated Common Core standards, and the current charter-driven agenda of Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos.3 “Accountability” became synonymous with standardized tests, resulting in a testing juggernaut4 with large profits going to commercial publishing giants like Pearson.

The education wars have been demoralizing for teachers, over 17 percent of whom drop out within their first five years. No one believes that teaching to the test is good pedagogy, but what are the options when students’ future educational choices, teachers’ salaries and retention and, in some states, the fate of entire schools rest on student test scores? In meticulous detail, Gabor documents reform’s institutional failings. She describes the turns in New York City’s testing-obsessed policies, the undermining of Michigan’s once fine public schools and the heartbreaking failure of New Orleans to remake its schools after Hurricane Katrina.

【参考译文】

2009年,《时代》杂志将纽约市三所公立学校试点的一个在线数学程序誉为年度50佳创新之一。该软件每天都会为学生生成个性化的数学“选课列表”,学生可以选择自己想学的“模块”——软件、虚拟教师或真人教师。该程序的另一种不同的算法对教师的专业和时间安排进行分类,以满足学生的需求。一位资深教师赞叹道:“这款软件能生成课程,布置测验并批改。”

虽然这个程序在提高学生数学成绩方面收效不大,并且只有少数几所纽约学校采用(而不是计划的50所),但安德烈娅·加博尔在其《教育战之后》一书中详细介绍某个模式时仍将它作为值得注意的范例推出。30多年来,不太可能结盟的企业慈善家、教育技术企业家和公共教育官僚带头发起了一场教育改革,其特点是重技术和标准化测试,轻教师和社区。这一风潮可以追溯到1983年发布的一份夸大其词的报告《危情中的国家》,该报告出自罗纳德·里根总统时期的国家优教委员会。在日本经济蒸蒸日上的背景下,为了迎合里根总统对公共教育(以及教师工会)的不屑,该报告指责低效无能的美国学校“庸才辈出”,而这些碌碌之辈正在削弱美国在新兴高科技领域的全球影响力。

政策制定者将重点转向公共教育,视之为国家安全问题,该问题至关重要(而且可能一本万利),所以不能托付给教育工作者。有观念认为,孩子们需要什么,应该由政客自上而下的决策来決定,而非教师。从2001年两党通过的《一个儿童不能落法案》,到奥巴马政府的“奋勇争先”拨款及国家发起的“共同核心”国标倡议,再到美国教育部长贝齐·德沃斯针对特许学校提出的改革议题,这一观念贯穿始终。“成绩责任制”成为了标准化考试的同义词,催生出庞大的考试产业,其巨额利润流向培生等商业出版巨头。

教育战争使教师们士气低落,逾17%的教师在从教头五年就退出了这一行业。没有人相信应试教学是教学良方,但当学生未来的教育选择、教师的工资和留用,甚至某些州整个学校的命运皆取决于学生的考试成绩,那还有什么选择余地呢?加博尔一丝不苟地记录下改革的制度缺陷。她描述了纽约市深陷应试的教育政策一变再变,叙述了密歇根州曾经优秀的公立学校遭到削弱,讲述了卡特里娜飓风过后的新奥尔良重建学校时遭遇惨痛失败。

Passage 2

Angkor is one of the most important archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. For several centuries, Angkor was the centre of the Khmer Kingdom. With impressive monuments, several different ancient urban plans and large water reservoirs, the site is a unique concentration of features testifying to an exceptional civilization. Temples, exemplars of Khmer architecture, are closely linked to their geographical context as well as being imbued with symbolic significance. The architecture and layout of the successive capitals bear witness to a high level of social order and ranking within the Khmer Empire. Angkor is therefore a major site exemplifying cultural, religious and symbolic values, as well as containing high architectural, archaeological and artistic significance.

The Angkor complex encompasses all major architectural buildings and hydrological engineering systems from the Khmer period. All the individual aspects illustrate the intactness of the site very much reflecting the splendor of the cities that once were. The site integrity, however, is put under dual pressures: endogenous: exerted by more than 100,000 inhabitants distributed over 112 historic settlements scattered over the site, who constantly try to expand their dwelling areas; exogenous: related to the proximity of the town of Siem Reap5, the seat of the province and a tourism hub.

Angkor is one of the largest archaeological sites in operation in the world. Tourism represents an enormous economic potential but it can also generate irreparable destructions of the tangible as well as intangible cultural heritage. Many research projects have been undertaken, since the international safeguarding program was first launched in 1993. The scientific objectives of the research (e.g. anthropological studies on socio-economic conditions) result in a better knowledge and understanding of the history of the site, and its inhabitants that constitute a rich exceptional legacy of the intangible heritage. The purpose is to associate the “intangible culture” to the enhancement of the monuments in order to sensitize the local population to the importance and necessity of its protection and preservation and assist in the development of the site as Angkor is a living heritage site where Khmer people in general, but especially the local population, are known to be particularly conservative with respect to ancestral traditions and where they adhere to a great number of archaic cultural practices that have disappeared elsewhere.6

Moreover, the Angkor Archaeological Park is very rich in medicinal plants, used by the local population for treatment of diseases. The Preah Khan temple is considered to have been a university of medicine and the Neak Poan7 an ancient hospital.

【参考译文】

吴哥是东南亚最重要的考古遗址之一。有好几个世纪,吴哥都曾是高棉王国的中心。这里有宏大的纪念碑、几个不同的古城区和大型水库,博采众长、独具一格,呈现出一个与众不同的文明。寺庙是高棉建筑的典范,这不仅与当地的地理环境息息相关,而且浸透着象征意义。历代都城的建筑和布局见证了高棉王国内部高度发展的社会秩序与社会等级。因此,吴哥作为一处重要的历史遗迹,不仅体现了文化价值、宗教价值和象征价值,而且蕴含着很大的建筑意义、考古意义和艺术意义。

吴哥建筑群囊括了高棉时期所有的重大建筑和水文工程系统,方方面面均证明了该遗址的完整性,充分体现了都城一度的辉煌。然而,遗址完整性面临着双重压力。其一是内生压力:逾10万居民分布在该遗址零零散散的112处历史聚居区内,他们不断尝试扩大自身的居住区;其二是外生压力:与该地毗邻的暹粒镇休戚相关,暹粒镇不仅是省府所在地,还是一处旅游集散中心。

吴哥是世界上还有人类生活居住的最大考古场地之一。旅游业象征着巨大的经济潜力,但同时也会对物质和非物质文化遗产造成难以弥补的毁坏。自1993年国际维护项目首次启动以来,已经开展了多个研究项目。这些研究项目的科学目标(如对社会经济状况的人类学研究)使人们更深入地认识并了解该遗址的历史,更好地了解当地居民,毕竟他们是这个丰富的、无与伦比的非物质文化遗产的一部分。吴哥是一处活的文化遗产地,这里的全体高棉人,尤其是当地居民,向来因循守旧,他们所坚守的许多古老文化习俗在其他地方早已消失殆盡,所以,开展这些研究的目的是将“非物质文化”与修缮文物联系到一起,使当地居民敏于保护的重要性和维护的必要性,从而帮助开发当地的遗址。

此外,吴哥考古公园内生长着丰富的药本植物,供当地居民治病之用。人们一直视圣剑寺为一所医学院,而把龙蟠寺当作一家古医院。

【评注】

1. 本句中program的词义应该根据下一句中的the software来确定,因此应译为“程序”。the software(该软件)回指前文的program,以达到前后呼应。

2. 本句难点在于两个定语从句、一个同位语结构和一个隐喻的翻译:第一个定语从句需采用重复先行词的方法来处理,即重复students,第二个定语从句可译为前置修饰语“自己想学的”。破折号后面的同位语可单独成句:“软件、虚拟教师或真人教师”。另外,句中的隐喻表达flesh-and-blood不能直译为“血肉”,它是与“虚拟”相对的概念,即“真人”。

3. 《一个儿童不能落法案》是小布什(George W. Bush)总统时期通过的教育改革法案,旨在提高教学质量,让每一个孩子都能有序进步,不落伍。charter-driven agenda是“针对特许学校提出的改革议题”,特许学校(public charter schools)是一种制度混合体,既像公立学校那样免费,又像私立学校那样独立运营,但经费来自政府,因此对政府机构负责。这一类学校需要单独申请。部分特许学校由营利性的私营公司运营。如果学校管理不善或考试成绩不佳,特许学校会面临关门。

4. accountability是2001年《一个儿童不能落法案》中的一项非常重要的内容,法案对各州规定了测试要求,对各州、各学区、各学校以及所有在校生的每一门课程都定下了严苛的成绩责任标准和目标, 即每年都要有可衡量的、适度的成绩进步。各级教育部门人员的工资与学生的考试成绩挂钩。因此,教师压力巨大,这就是为什么下文提到“逾17%的教师在从教头五年就退出了这一行业”的原因。本句中的隐喻juggernaut也不能直译为“重型卡车”,应该用类似的汉语隐喻来翻译,即“庞大的考试产业”。

5. 此句中的Siem Reap与the seat of the province and a tourism hub是同位语关系,可重复先行词“暹粒镇”,将它处理成独立句,即“暹粒镇不仅是省府所在地,还是一处旅游集散中心”。

6. 本句是CATTI实施以来,所考过的最长句子,包含83字。但实际上句子并不难译,因为句子只包含了一个as引导的原因状语从句和两个where引导的并列定语从句。第二个where可不译,即“吴哥是一处活的文化遗产地,这里的全体高棉人,尤其是当地居民,向来因循守旧,他们所坚守的许多古老文化习俗在其他地方早已消失殆尽”。

7. 本文中除了Angkor之外,其他地名(如Siem Reap“暹粒镇”)在普通词典中很难找到,但根据评分规则,不常见的地名可音译。即便译错,也不扣分。例如,在考试中,你可以将Neak Poan译为“尼克盘”或“尼克潘”,虽然正确的译法是“龙蟠寺”或“盘蛇寺”(因寺内有一座多头蛇的雕像而得名)。                                                                                                                      □

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