[摘要] 谭觉园的《觉园词话》,在词之起源、体制、创作、声律、正变之论等方面都有着独特的见解。在词体起源论上,它将词之起源框定于中晚唐时期。在词之本质论上,主张以情为本,强调情感表现为词的第一要义。在词之创作论上,标树十六字诀,全面简洁地对词的艺术表现提出了要求。在词之声律论上,以维护词之本色为目的,细致论说了词的声调用韵等方面内容,廓清了本末轻重,提出了不少新的主张。在词之正变论上,则体现出甚为平正的批评观念。谭觉园的词学思想,内涵丰富,特色鲜明,在我国传统词学批评史上有着重要的价值及独特的地位。
[关键词] 《觉园词话》;词之起源论;体制论;创作表现论;正变论
[中图分类号] I206.5[文献标识码] A[文章编号] 1008—1763(2018)05—0092—07
On the Thoughts of Jue Yuan’s Works
of Notes and Comments on Cipoetry
QIU Meiqiong1,LIU Yuting2
(1.College of Liberal Arts, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming650500, China;
2.College of Humanities, Nanchang University, Nanchang330031, China)
Abstract:In Jue Yuan’s Works of Notes and Comments on Cipoetry, there are unique opinions, in the Cipoetry of the origin, structure, creation, rhythm and changes. On the criticism of the origin of Cipoetry, it sets the origin of Cipoetry in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. On the essence of Cipoetry, it advocates emotion, emphasizing emotional expressions as the first meaning of Cipoetry. On the criticism of the creation of Cipoetry, the “sixteen words” marked the requirements of the artistic expression of Cipoetry in a comprehensive and concise way. On the criticism of the rules governing the rhythm of words, in order to maintain the inherent qualities of Cipoetry, it elaborated the Cipoetry"s rhyme tone and other aspects, clarified the ins and outs of the severity, put forward many new ideas. In the Cipoetry of direct variation, it reflects the very fair concept of criticism. Tan Jueyuan’s thought of Cipoetry is rich in connotation and distinctive in character, it has important value and unique position in the history of Chinese traditional Cipoetry criticism.
Key words: Jue Yuan’s Works of Notes and Comments on Cipoetry; the criticism of the origin of Cipoetry; the criticism of essence of Cipoetry; the criticism of creation performance; the criticism of direct variation
譚觉园,生平籍贯不详,民国时期词论家。著有《觉园词话》,计二十五则,分九期刊载于湖南长沙创办的《励进》杂志1932年第1、2、3、5、6、7、8、9、10期。《觉园词话》虽篇幅不大,然遍参诸家,博采众长,其理论批评内涵较为丰富,个性特色鲜明,在我国传统词学批评史上有着一定的价值及独特的地位。以下就《觉园词话》在词体起源、词体本质、词体创作、词体声律表现、词史正变等方面的理论批评思想予以探论。
一词体起源论
词源之辨长久以来聚讼纷纭,综各家之言,主要可归纳为三种论说。一为词源于风骚之体说。如,两宋之交,胡寅《题酒边词》云:“词曲者,古乐府之末造也。古乐府者,诗之傍行也。诗出于《离骚》《楚词》,而《离骚》者,变风变雅之怨而迫、哀而伤者也。”[1](p22)胡寅认为,词体直接脱胎于古代乐府,而古乐府之体又出于先秦诗骚,诗之源上溯风骚之体,故词体最终根源于诗骚。二为词源于乐府之体说。如朱熹《朱子语类》引胡泳之语云:“古乐府只是诗,中间却添许多泛声。后来人怕失了那泛声,逐一声添个实字,遂成长短句,今曲子便是。”[2](p3009)胡泳从声律表现角度论说词体的产生。他认为,为使诗歌契合声律,借添字打乱原本整饬的句式,词体便由此而发端。三为词源于唐人近体之诗说。如纪昀等《四库全书总目》的《御选历代诗余》提要云:“诗降而为词,始于唐。若《菩萨蛮》《忆秦娥》《忆江南》《长相思》之属,本是唐人之诗,而句有长短,遂为词家权舆,故谓之‘诗余’。”[3](p10)纪昀论说词原本是“唐人之诗”,且特指句式长短不一的诗体,诸如《菩萨蛮》《忆秦娥》等之类。此几种论说俱有渊承,各占其理,迄今未有定论。